1. Lease liabilities and calculation
3. Operating lease liabilities and ROU assets on the balance sheet
4. Finance lease assets, liabilities, and changes
5. Subsequent lease liability and journal entries
6. Subsequent ROU asset and journal entries
7. Impact on income, EBITDA, and debt
8. Examples of calculating the ROU asset and lease liabilities
What are lease liabilities and how are they calculated?
In accounting, a lease liability is a financial obligation to make the payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis. Under both ASC 842 and IFRS 16, the lease liability is calculated using the present value of the lease payments over the lease term and is discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate, the discount rate implicit in the lease under ASC 842, or the implicit interest rate under IFRS 16.
IFRS 16 also requires lessees to remeasure lease liabilities in cases where there are changes in future payments, which can affect opening balances in cases where the lease payments are tied to an index. For more detail on this, read out blog, “IFRS 16 vs. US GAAP Lease Accounting: What Are the Differences?“
Under ASC 842, initial operating lease liabilities and finance lease liabilities are calculated using the exact same method. This is also true for IFRS 16, which uses a single-model approach and classifies all leases as finance leases.
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What is the right-of-use asset?
The right-of-use asset, or ROU asset, is a balance sheet representation of a lessee’s right to use a leased asset over the course of the lease term. ASC 842 and IFRS 16 each require lessees to record the ROU asset for both operating leases and finance leases (capital leases under ASC 840). Likewise, the corresponding lease liability represents the lessee’s obligation to make payments on the lease.
How do you calculate the right-of-use asset?
ROU asset calculation under ASC 842
For both operating leases and finance leases, the right-of-use asset calculation under ASC 842 is the following:
- The initial amount of the lease liability
- Plus any lease payments made before the commencement date
- Plus any initial direct costs (IDC)
- Less any lease incentives, such as tenant improvement allowances.
ROU asset calculation under IFRS 16
IFRS 16 directs lessees to calculate the ROU asset as the following:
- The initial amount of the lease liability
- Plus any payments made at or before the commencement date of the lease
- Less any lease incentives
- Plus initial direct costs
- Plus estimated costs for restoration or removal/disposal per IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
ROU asset amortization period
Under both ASC 842 and IFRS 16, the ROU asset is amortized (or depreciated for finance leases) from the lease commencement date (the date the lessee begins to make payments) to the end of the lease’s term. In some cases, it may be from the commencement date to the end of the useful life of the asset.
Operating lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on the balance sheet
An operating lease is a contract that provides a lessee the right to use an asset without the benefits of ownership. Despite companies’ obligations to make lease payments associated with their operating leases, ASC 840 and IAS 17 did not require a lease asset and an operating lease liability to be recorded on the balance sheet. They didn’t meet the criteria for capitalization.
ASC 842 and IFRS 16, however, change this and require the capitalization of almost all leases – a major shift in the way lessees account for their operating leases. Aside from the ability to take advantage of a policy election that would allow a lessee to account for leases with terms shorter than 12 months similar to an operating lease under the legacy standards, all leases must be recognized on the balance sheet with a lease liability and ROU asset, calculated at initial recognition as discussed at the beginning of the article.
Note: For more detail on operating lease accounting with treatment and journal entries, read our blog, “Operating Lease Accounting under the New Standard, ASC 842: Full Example and Explanation.”
Operating lease classification has also changed under both standards, but in different ways. Under IFRS 16, all leases are classified as finance leases, eliminating the “operating lease” classification. This isn’t the case for ASC 842, though, which makes the following changes to the lease classification criteria:
- The second test no longer evaluates if a bargain purchase option exists, but if the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise
- The 75% of lease term and 90% of FMV rules are no longer definitive. However, the FASB has suggested that companies should continue to use these thresholds in their analyses, unless there is a more appropriate threshold based on the company’s facts and circumstances. The company needs to develop an overall policy with regards to these thresholds that it uses consistently.
- There is a new fifth test – you must consider whether or not the asset is specialized in nature and has a future value to the lessor.
This is primarily due to the fact that the FASB is moving away from “rules” based accounting to “principle” based accounting.
Finance lease assets and liabilities
Accounting for finance leases, previously referred to as capital leases, under ASC 842 is largely unchanged compared to ASC 840. Under the old standard, lessees were required to record a lease asset and liability for capital leases. The same is true under both ASC 842 and IFRS 16.
For basic leases, the ROU asset and lease liability will be equal upon lease commencement. For example, if a company has a lease without initial direct costs, prepaid/deferred rent, and without a tenant improvement allowance (or some other lease incentive), then the ROU asset and the lease liability will be equal on the lease commencement date. The entry will simply be a debit to the ROU asset and a credit to the lease liability for the present value of the lease payments.
Subsequent lease liability calculation and journal entries
We will highlight the differences in subsequent accounting treatment for finance and operating leases.
Finance leases (ASC 842 and IFRS 16)
For finance leases, a portion of each periodic payment represents interest expense and the remainder is a reduction of the lease liability. Subsequent values of the lease liability are determined via accretion using the effective interest method, similar to other financial liabilities. This approach is the same under both ASC 842 and IFRS 16.
Operating leases (ASC 842)
For operating leases, a single lease expense — also known as a rent expense — is recognized each period on a straight-line basis.
Subsequent ROU asset calculation
Concerning the ROU asset, the difference between finance and operating leases lies in 1) whether or not the amortization of the asset is deemed depreciation expense and 2) the calculation of the periodic entry.
Finance leases (ASC 842 and IFRS 16)
For finance leases, the ROU asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. This is recognized as depreciation (or amortization) expense.
Operating leases (ASC 842)
The amortization of the ROU asset for operating leases is not recognized as depreciation expense. For example, in a basic lease (without any incentives, etc), each period, the asset is reduced by the same amount as the liability reduction.
Impact on interest, the income statement, EBITDA, and debt
Under ASC 840, operating lease expense was recognized on the income statement using the straight-line method. Under 842, the lease expense will continue to be recognized as a single lease expense, straight-line. This means that the transition to the new lease standard for an operating lease will not affect the income statement. Because the lease liability expense is a single expense, interest expense is not calculated for this type of lease, and as a result EBITDA is not changed. Finally, the lease liability resulting from operating leases is not considered debt, which means debt is also unchanged. The chart below is a simplified diagram summarizing the effect of finance and operating leases on net income, EBITDA, debt and the balance sheet under Topic 842. Keep in mind, however, that this is different from IFRS 16, under which operating leases will be reclassified as finance leases. Interest expense will be calculated for these leases following transition, which will impact these metrics.
The impact of new lease liabilities on the balance sheet
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This comprehensive guide on understanding the ROU asset as it relates to both finance and operating leases should help you in your future calculations. If you’re unsure what type of lease you have, we offer a number of free tools for lease accounting that can help you. To learn more, visit our Features page or schedule a LeaseQuery demo today.
Related articles and examples of calculating the ROU asset and lease liability
Read related articles and some full examples of lease accounting under both ASC 842 and IFRS 16:
Thank you for the interesting article!
If I were to organize the depreciation of the ROU asset by nature, would I include it within selling or within administrative expenses? I suppose that it would not be part of the COGS?
Thanks again!
Hi Diane – The income statement classification of depreciation depends on the function of the asset being depreciated. For example, depreciation for leasehold improvement to the corporate office are likely general or administrative costs, while depreciation of manufacturing equipment may go to inventory costs or COGs. The classification of the expense relates to each company’s unique set of facts and circumstances.
Hi,
Thanks for the article. Question: What is the entry upon end of the contract? Should we just credit ROU and debit Accummulated Depreciation-ROU?
Thank you.
Hi Von,
The final journal entry will depend on the lease classification as well as how you’ve accounted for the lease throughout the term.
A finance lease would credit the ROU asset account and debit the accumulated depreciation/amortization account.
More commonly, the ROU asset of an operating lease is amortized by impacting the ROU asset account, as opposed to hitting a separate account such as amortization expense. In this case, the final entry would simply credit the ROU asset account down to zero. However, if the operating lease is accounted for in a similar manner as a finance lease, then the ROU asset and accumulated amortization can be written off.
I don’t follow the line of reasoning. Why are you debiting the accumulated depreciation and crediting the ROU asset?
Hi Devon,
The ROU asset of a finance lease must be written off at the end of the lease term. To do so, you must consider the depreciation/amortization expense recognized each year and the original asset cost at lease commencement. Accumulated depreciation/amortization is reversed at the end of the term with a debit to the account balance, and the original ROU asset is reversed at the end of the term with a credit to the account balance.
Hi,
I have a question regarding ROU asset, here is the scenario. If I start a finance lease on 1/1/2019 and at 12/31/2019, I’m asked what’s my ROU asset balance. Would that be the ROU less accumulated depreciation, or does the original ROU amount stay fixed when asked that question in reporting? Thank you!
Hi George –
Thanks for reaching out! The ROU asset is recorded at its initial calculated value and stays the same unless you have a remeasurement event. Depreciation of the ROU asset is recorded to a separate accummulated depreciation account, similiar to the treatment of fixed assets. If you are reporting the net ROU asset amount or the book value of the ROU asset, that is the gross asset amount less any accumulated depreciation.
What are the journal entries for a tenant improvement allowance under IFRS 16? We paid for construction and the landlord fully reimbursed us after the lease commenced. What is the initial ROU entry for the incentive amount? I credited/reduced ROU asset and originally debited/ reduced the liability, but was told to debit the PP&E/fixed asset account. Now each month, I have 2 journal entries.
DR Accum Amortization-ROU (asset acct)
CR ROU Asset-Amortization (expense acct)
DR Amortization Expense (through fixed asset schedule)
CR Leasehold Impr-Accum Depreciation (asset account)
Do these entries look correct?
Hi Susan –
If the incentive payment, or TIA, was payable at the commencement of the lease per the lease agreement, it should be included in the initial measurement of the lease liability as a decrease to expected payments in the period(s) expected to be received and then amortized with the net lease liability.
There is also a corresponding fixed asset for the leasehold improvement that is depreciated over its useful life or the lease term.
This article discusses incentive, or TIA accounting under ASc 842, which is similiar to the treatment under IFRS 16, with a full example.
A lease expired on 31 December 2020 and the ROU was fully amortized by that date. The balance sheet does not show the ROU and its corresponding liability. Is it supposed to be amortized to zero like this or should we have remeasured the ROU when it was apparent that the lease agreement would be renewed?
Hi Daniel,
You are correct – when the company became “reasonably certain” they were going to renew the lease, that was the triggering event to remeasure the lease using the updated expected payment terms.
A new lease is triggered if the agreement modification results in additional rights to the lessee that were not in the original lease, AND the payments increase in proportion to the standalong price of the additional asset. If it was determined that the renegotiations in fact triggered a new lease agreement, then the old lease should have $0 LL and $0 ROU asset at the end of its term and there would be a new lease agreement for the new asset.
Hi,
We have a lease that we took an early termination option on so instead of the original term date of 12/31/23 the lease now will end 12/31/21. Do I need to remeasure the ROU asset and the liability for this lease?
Hi Joanna,
It sounds as if there was a triggering event that caused you to reassess the lease term, in which case, both the lease liability and ROU asset should be remeasured using an updated discount rate as of the effective date.
Hi,
if we have a lease that will start in Oct 2020 and end Sept 2025, this is a 5 year lease. But we get 4 months of free rent. What would be the start date to calculate, and would it still be based on 5 years (60 months), or do I not include the first 4 months, so it would be 56 months. Please explain the start.
Hi,
Under ASC 842 the possession date will be the key date to determine when to start accounting for a lease. This is the date you will use to calculate the term for your amortization schedule – which in this case means the term of your lease would be 60 months. If you gained access/possession of the propery before or after Oct 2020 the term of your lease would be from the possession date through Sept. 2025 and you would include the free months. The example in this article helps illustrate this point: Operating Lease Accounting under the New Standard, ASC 842: Full Example and Explanation.
How does the RoU assets and lease liability affect the cashflow?
Answer: Great question. In short, it will result in greater transparency into cash flow activities related to all leases presented on the balance sheet. ASC 842 requires a lessee to disclose cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities.
For finance leases under ASC 842, this requires the lessee to prepare both a financing and operating cash flow disclosure balances. Financing cash flows reported for finance leases are the sum of the liability reduction or the difference between the total cash outlay and imputed interest over the 12 month reporting period. Operating cash flows reported for finance leases are the sum of the interest expense recognized over the 12 month reporting period.
From the operating lease perspective, a lessee would provide disclosure of operating cash flows, which is the liability reduction (principal payment) recognized over the 12 month reporting period.
Hi,
I work for a parking and transportation company. We have a client, a hotel, to whom we pay a monthly concession fee to provide parking and valet services. The contract to operate the parking and valet concession is for 5 years, but under certain conditions, the client can terminate the contract. In addition, at a very high level of revenue, we share a specified % of profits with the client. Does any or all of this liability need to be recorded on the balance sheet? And if so, what about the asset? Does it need to be periodically evaluated for permanent impairment, like during a pandemic? And if impaired, that could change the balance sheet ratios possibly violating bank debt compliance.
Thank you.
Hi Alan,
The first step would be to establish whether or not you have a lease. A lease is defined as a contract that conveys the right to control the identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. For evaluation purposes, first the customer (the transporation company) has to determine if the contract contains an identified asset. After an organization has determined that the contract contains an identified asset, the organization must then determine if the customer has both the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits throughout the lease term and the right to direct the use of the identified asset. If there is identification, control, and the organization obtains substantially all the economic benefits, then you have a lease.
From the facts presented you are paying a fee to offer parking and valet services, not for the right to use a specific asset. For more information regarding the identification of leases and embedded leases check out our article Embedded Leases under ASC 842.
Please I need a clarification on this: In a situation where the lease payments are made in advance, will there still be lease liability?
Hi,
Thank you for your question. Generally, in situations where payments are made in advance, there will still be lease liability. Under ASC 842, the lease liability is measured at the “present value of lease payments not yet paid” (ASC 842-20-30-1a.) If the lease is fully prepaid, and there are no remaining payment obligations, then there will not be lease liability. However, any lease payments not yet paid will need to factored into the lease liability balance.
Is it common to use the terminology “ROU” for all asset acquired via operating lease (long term lease) and finance lease in nature?
Example: last time when I purchase a vehicle finance by hire purchase leasing i recorded it as dr. Fixed Asset and Cr. Lease liability.
Should i record it now as dr. ROU and cr. Lease liability ?
Thank you 🙂
Thanks for the question Budi!
Yes. Under the new leasing standards ASC 842 and IFRS 16, any asset which is operated under a lease agreement will be recorded as a right-of-use (ROU) asset and depreciated over the term of the lease. Leased assets are different from fixed assets, which are defined as fully-owned property, plant, and equipment with useful lives of more than one year. A finance lease, as in the example you offered, assumes that the lessee will own the asset at the end of the term and/or will have used the asset for the majority of its life.
As such, the asset must be depreciated as if the lessee owns the asset during the lease term, just like a fixed asset would be depreciated over its useful life, and at the end of the lease term the net asset balance should be zero. Check out this blog post for more information on how to account for capital and finance leases under the new standards throughout their terms.